Slide 1
Hello. I am Tanawong Maison, graduate student in Dr. Hans Stein's lab.
My research presentation today is, "Chemical composition of canola meal,
00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed expellers."

Slide 2
Here's the outline. Today we have a brief introduction talking about
background of canola and rapeseed, and I will also talk about factors
that could affect the quality and nutritional values of canola and
rapeseed meal. Then I will have materials and methods, results, and
conclusions for this experiment.

Slide 3
Canola and rapeseed are an oilseed in genus Brassica. Actually, rapeseed
has been developed by plant breeders to obtain low erucic acid in oil
and low glucosinolates in meal. Then they changed the name from rapeseed
to canola -- especially in North America -- and they may call it
double-low or double-zero rapeseed in Europe.

Slide 4
As you can see here in this picture, on top left, these pictures show
how canola and rapeseed growing fields look like. And the top right, you
can see canola and rapeseed are in round shape with a different color of
seed coat. It could be black, brown, red, or yellow. After oil
extraction, then we have canola and rapeseed meal that we can use in
animal diets because they contain high concentration of crude protein
and amino acids, and low level of glucosinolates.

Slide 5
For variety and location of canola and rapeseed: there are two different
varieties of canola and rapeseed that they grow in different regions
around the world. Brassica napus, that they can grow in Australia,
Canada, China, Europe, and U.S.; Brassica campestris or rapa, that they
can grow in Northern Europe, Northwestern China, and India.

Slide 6
For the composition of canola and rapeseed: canola and rapeseed
themselves contain fat ranged from 42-43%, and crude protein ranged from
20-30% depending on varieties of canola and rapeseed and the growing
condition that they grown in different regions around the world, as I
mentioned before. And these differences could affect nutritional values
of seed, and consequently affect the nutritional values in the meals.

Slide 7
For oil extraction procedures: there are two different types of oil
extraction procedure that they use to remove the oil from canola and
rapeseed. They have expeller extraction and solvent extractions.

Slide 8
For expeller extraction, they will use a mechanical press to remove the
oil from canola and rapeseed. The temperature for conventional expeller
extraction could range from 95-130 C depending on speed of the screw
that they use in the process. They also have another type of expeller
extraction that they call cold press. They control the temperature in
this type of process, not greater than 60 C because the virgin oil from
this process is in demand of customers who prefer vegetable oil from the
process without high temperature and chemical reagent.

Slide 9
For solvent extraction, they will use both mechanical press and solvent
to remove the oil from canola and rapeseed. They will cook canola and
rapeseed in cooking step before moving them to mechanical press to
remove 60 to 70% of oil. Then, the rest of the oil will be removed,
again in solvent extraction step, that normally they use hexane. After
that, the meal will be removed to the desolventizer and toaster to
recycle hexane back to use in solvent extraction step again.

Slide 10
For chemical composition of canola and rapeseed: the meal from expeller
procedure contains crude protein ranged from 33-35%, and contains fat
ranged from 9-13%. And, the meal from solvent extractions contains crude
protein ranged from 35-38%, and contains fat ranged from 2-5%.

Slide 11
By different oil extraction procedures: the chemical composition in
canola and rapeseed could be different because the differences in oil
extraction efficiency and heat exposures between expeller procedure and
solvent extraction procedure could affect energy and amino acid
concentration in the meal, and consequently affection nutritional values
of the meal.

Slide 12
So now, we know the two factors that could affect nutritional values of
canola and rapeseed meal are: locations that they grow canola and
rapeseed, and processing procedures that they use to remove oil from
canola and rapeseed.

Slide 13
Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were determining and
comparing the chemical composition in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and
00-rapeseed expellers from different locations and from different
processing procedures.

Slide 14
We had 26 samples of canola and rapeseed products. Ten samples were
canola meal, eleven samples were 00-rapeseed meal, and five samples were
00-rapeseed expellers.

Slide 15
We wanted to compare chemical composition in canola meal and 00-rapeseed
meal from different locations. So we compared canola meal from North
America with 00-rapeseed meal from Europe.

Slide 16
We also wanted to compare chemical composition in 00-rapeseed meal and
00-rapeseed expeller from different oil extraction procedures. So we
compared 00-rapeseed meal from solvent extraction procedure with
00-rapeseed expeller from expeller extraction procedures.

Slide 17
We analyzed gross energy using proximate analysis. We also analyzed
crude protein and amino acids, carbohydrates, minerals, and
glucosinolates.

Slide 18
Data was analyzed using Proc ANOVA of SAS. Continents and procedures
were included in the model as fixed effects. Sources were included in
the model as random effects. And we used Duncan's multiple range test to
determine the difference of means at the α level of 0.05.

Slide 19
Now, let's talk about the results. And we will talk about proximate
analysis first.

Slide 20
For gross composition of canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal from different
locations, the concentrations of gross energy, crude protein, fat by
acid hydrolyzed ether extract, and ash were not different. But the
concentrations of dry matter and crude fiber in canola meal from North
America were greater than that in 00-rapeseed from Europe.

Slide 21
Between 00-rapeseed products from different oil extraction procedures,
the concentrations of dry matter, gross energy, and fat in 00-rapeseed
expeller from expeller extraction procedure were greater than that in
00-rapeseed from solvent extraction procedures. And the concentrations
of crude protein, crude fiber, and ash in 00-rapeseed meal were greater
than that in 00-rapeseed expellers.

Slide 22
Now, let's talk about the concentration of crude protein and amino
acids.

Slide 23
For the meal from different locations, the concentrations of crude
protein, lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan were not
different between canola meal from North America and 00-rapeseed meal
from Europe.

Slide 24
For the meal from different oil extraction procedures, the concentration
of threonine was greater in 00-rapeseed meal from solvent extraction
procedures. But the concentrations of crude protein, lysine, methionine,
and tryptophan were not different.

Slide 25
Carbohydrates.

Slide 26
For the concentration of monosaccharides in meal from different
locations, fructose and glucose were not different, but the
concentration of sucrose was greater in 00-rapeseed meal from Europe.
For oligosaccharides, the concentration of raffinose was greater in
canola meal, but the concentration of stachyose was not different.

Slide 27
For fiber, the concentrations of ADF, NDF, lignin, hemicellulose, and
cellulose were not different between canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal.

Slide 28
For the concentration of carbohydrates in rapeseed products from
different oil extraction procedures, the concentration of sucrose was
greater in 00-rapeseed meal from solvent extraction procedures. However,
other monosaccharides and oligosaccharides were not different.

Slide 29
Fiber. The concentrations of ADF and cellulose were not different. But
the concentrations of NDF, lignin, and hemicellulose were greater in
00-rapeseed meal.

Slide 30
Minerals.

Slide 31
The concentration of macro minerals in canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal
from different locations. The concentrations of calcium, sodium, and
sulfur were not different. But the concentrations of phosphorus and
potassium were greater in 00-rapeseed meal from Europe. And the
concentration of magnesium was greater in canola meal from North
America.

Slide 32
For micro minerals, the concentrations of copper and iron were not
different. But the concentrations of manganese and molybdenum were
greater in canola meal, and zinc was greater in 00-rapeseed meal.

Slide 33
The concentration of minerals in rapeseed products from different oil
extraction procedures. Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and
sulfur are greater in 00-rapeseed meal. But the concentration of sodium
was not different.

Slide 34
For micro minerals, the concentration of manganese was greater in
00-rapeseed meal, and other micro minerals were not different.

Slide 35
Glucosinolates.

Slide 36
The concentration of glucosinolates in 00-rapeseed meal from Europe was
greater than canola meal from North America.

Slide 37
And the concentration of glucosinolates was not different in rapeseed
products from different oil extraction procedures.

Slide 38
We observed that most of the chemical composition of canola meal and
rapeseed products in this experiment are in agreement with canola meal
and canola expellers values in NRC, 2012. And the concentration of fat,
gross energy, crude protein, amino acids, ADF, NDF, and minerals are not
different between canola meal from North America and 00-rapeseed meal
from Europe. This may be because the efficiency of solvent extraction,
that they use to remove oil from canola and rapeseed, is not different
between North America and Europe. And both of canola meal and
00-rapeseed meal came from the same variety, which is Brassica napus, so
the original chemical composition in seeds before oil extraction may be
not different.

Slide 39
We also observed that the concentration of fat, gross energy, crude
protein, amino acids, NDF, and minerals are different between rapeseed
products from different oil extraction procedures. And this may be the
result of more complete oil removal by solvent extraction procedure in
00-rapeseed meal that caused the differences in chemical composition
between the meals.

Slide 40
For glucosinolates, the concentration of glucosinolates was different
between canola meal from North America and 00-rapeseed meal from Europe.
The reason may be the differences in varieties and growing conditions in
different locations that could affect the concentration of
glucosinolates in canola and rapeseed, and consequently affect the
concentration of glucosinolates in meals. According to the
recommendation for the level of glucosinolates in pig diets at 2 µmol/g,
most sources of canola meal can be used in pig diets at 25-50%, and most
sources of rapeseed products can be used in pig diets at 10-20%.

Slide 41
With that, we would like to acknowledge ADM, Agrifirm, Bunge, Cargill,
and C.P. Group for funding this research.

Slide 42
Thank you.