Slide 1
Hello. My name is Tanawong Maison, graduate student in Dr. Hans Stein's
lab. Today I would like to present in the topic of, "Energy values in
canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed expellers fed to growing
pigs."

Slide 2
Here's the outline. Today we have a brief introduction talking about
background of canola and rapeseed, and I will also talk about factors
that could affect the quality and nutritional values of canola and
rapeseed meal. Then I will have materials and methods, results, and
conclusions for this experiment.

Slide 3
Canola and rapeseed are an oilseed in genus Brassica. Actually, rapeseed
has been developed by plant breeders to obtain low erucic acid in oil
and low glucosinolates in meal. Then they changed the name from rapeseed
to canola – especially in North America – and they may call it
double-low or double-zero rapeseed in Europe.

Slide 4
As you can see here in this picture, on top left, these pictures show
how canola and rapeseed growing fields look like. And the top right, you
can see canola and rapeseed are in round shape with a different color of
seed coat. It could be black, brown, red, or yellow. After oil
extraction, then we have canola and rapeseed meal that we can use in
animal diets because they contain high concentration of crude protein
and amino acids, and low level of glucosinolates.

Slide 5
For variety and location of canola and rapeseed: there are two different
varieties of canola and rapeseed that they grow in different regions
around the world. Brassica napus, that they can grow in Australia,
Canada, China, Europe, and U.S.; Brassica campestris or rapa, that they
can grow in Northern Europe, Northwestern China, and India.

Slide 6
For the composition of canola and rapeseed: canola and rapeseed
themselves contain fat ranged from 42-43%, and crude protein ranged from
20-30% depending on varieties of canola and rapeseed and the growing
condition that they grown in different regions around the world, as I
mentioned before. And these differences could affect nutritional values
of seed, and consequently affect the nutritional values in the meals.

Slide 7
For oil extraction procedures: there are two different types of oil
extraction procedure that they use to remove the oil from canola and
rapeseed. They have expeller extraction and solvent extractions.

Slide 8
For expeller extraction, they will use a mechanical press to remove the
oil from canola and rapeseed. The temperature for conventional expeller
extraction could range from 95-130 C depending on speed of the screw
that they use in the process. They also have another type of expeller
extraction that they call cold press. They control the temperature in
this type of process, not greater than 60 C because the virgin oil from
this process is in demand of customers who prefer vegetable oil from the
process without high temperature and chemical reagent.

Slide 9
For solvent extraction, they will use both mechanical press and solvent
to remove the oil from canola and rapeseed. They will cook canola and
rapeseed in cooking step before moving them to mechanical press to
remove 60 to 70% of oil. Then, the rest of the oil will be removed,
again in solvent extraction step, that normally they use hexane. After
that, the meal will be removed to the desolventizer and toaster to
recycle hexane back to use in solvent extraction step again.

Slide 10
For chemical composition of canola and rapeseed: the meal from expeller
procedure contains crude protein ranged from 33-35%, and contains fat
ranged from 9-13%. And, the meal from solvent extractions contains crude
protein ranged from 35-38%, and contains fat ranged from 2-5%.

Slide 11
By different oil extraction procedures: the chemical composition in
canola and rapeseed could be different because the differences in oil
extraction efficiency and heat exposures between expeller procedure and
solvent extraction procedure could affect energy and amino acid
concentration in the meal, and consequently affection nutritional values
of the meal.

Slide 12
So now, we know the two factors that could affect nutritional values of
canola and rapeseed meal are: locations that they grow canola and
rapeseed, and processing procedures that they use to remove oil from
canola and rapeseed.

Slide 13
Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were determining and
comparing the digestibility of energy in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal,
and 00-rapeseed expellers from different locations and from different
processing procedures.

Slide 14
For materials and methods, we had 22 samples of canola and rapeseed
meal. Six samples were canola meal, eleven samples were 00-rapeseed
meal, and five samples were 00-rapeseed expellers.

Slide 15
For chemical composition of canola and rapeseed meal that we used in
this experiment: as you can see here in this table, dry matter ranged
from 88.9 in 00-rapeseed meal to 91.8 in 00-rapeseed expellers. Crude
protein ranged from 35.6 in 00-rapeseed expellers to 38.1 in canola
meal. Percent fat, by acid hydrolyzed ether extract, ranged from 3.8 in
canola meal to 11.5 in 00-rapeseed expellers.  And glucosinolates ranged
from 3.48 in canola meal to 13.32 in 00-rapeseed expellers.

Slide 16
We wanted to compare energy value in canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal
from different locations. So, we compared canola meal from North America
with 00-rapeseed meal from Europe.

Slide 17
We also wanted to compare energy values in rapeseed products from
different oil extraction procedures. So we compared 00-rapeseed meal
from solvent extractions with 00-rapeseed expellers from expeller
extractions.

Slide 18
We used 23 pigs at the initial body weight of 27.7 kg. Pigs were
allotted in metabolic cages that allowed us to collect fecal and urine
samples to analyze gross energy and calculate digestibility of energy.

Slide 19
We formulated 23 diets. One diet was corn based basal diet. Six diets
were formulated from each of six sources of canola meal and corn. Eleven
diets were formulated from each of eleven sources of 00-rapeseed meal
and corn. And five diets were formulated from each of five sources of
00-rapeseed expellers and corn.

Slide 20
Pigs were fed at three times the estimated energy requirement for
maintenance. They were allotted in 23 x 8 Youden square design with 23
diets and 8 periods. Each period had twelve days; seven days for
adaptation period to the diet and five days for fecal and urine
collections.

Slide 21
Data was analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS. Diet was included in the
model as fixed effect. Pig and period were included in the model as
random effect. And we used Contrast option to see the difference of
means at the alpha level of 0.05.

Slide 22
Now let's move the results.

Slide 23
Let's talk about ATTD of gross energy in canola and rapeseed meal from
different locations. First, as you can see here in this bar graph, here
we have orange bar represent canola meal from North America, and blue
bar represent 00-rapeseed meal from Europe. ATTD of gross energy in
canola meal was 80.78. For 00-rapeseed meal, ATTD of gross energy was
81.29. And ATTD of gross energy for canola meal 00-rapeseed meal from
different locations were not different.

Slide 24
Digestible energy and metabolizable energy in canola meal and rapeseed
meal from different locations: here again we have orange bar represent
canola meal from North America, and blue bar represent 00-rapeseed meal
from Europe. Digestible energy in canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal were
3,152 and 3,160. Metabolizable energy in canola meal and 00-rapeseed
meal were 2,993 and 2,991. And the concentration of digestible energy
and metabolizable energy and 00-rapeseed meal from different locations
were not different.

Slide 25
Now, let's talk about ATTD of gross energy in rapeseed products from
different oil extraction procedures. Here, we have orange bar represent
00-rapeseed meal from solvent extractions, and blue bar represent
00-rapeseed expellers from expeller extractions. ATTD of gross energy in
00-rapeseed meal was 81.29. For 00-rapeseed expellers, ATTD of gross
energy was 83.23. And ATTD of gross energy in 00-rapeseed expellers from
expeller procedures was greater than 00-rapeseed meal from solvent
extractions.

Slide 26
Digestible energy and metabolizable energy in rapeseed products from
different oil extraction procedures: here again we have orange bar
represent 00-rapeseed meal from solvent extraction procedures, and blue
bar represent 00-rapeseed expellers from expeller procedures. Digestible
energy in 00-rapeseed meal and 00-rapeseed expellers were 3,160 and
3,400. Metabolizable energy in 00-rapeseed meal and 00-rapeseed
expellers were 2,991 and 3,222. And the concentration of digestible
energy and metabolizable energy in 00-rapeseed expellers from expeller
procedure were greater than that in 00-rapeseed meal from solvent
extraction procedures.

Slide 27
With that result, we observed that ATTD of gross energy, digestible
energy, and metabolizable energy are not different between canola meal
and 00-rapeseed meal from different locations. This may be because both
canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal that we used in this experiment came
from same variety, which is Brassica napus. They also came from same
processing procedures, which is solvent extractions. And both canola
meal and 00-rapeseed meal that we used in this experiment contained the
same concentration of gross energy and fat.

Slide 28
We also observed that ATTD of gross energy, digestible energy, and
metabolizable energy are different between rapeseed products from
different processing procedures. This may be the result of efficiency of
oil removal from seed. There is difference between solvent extraction
procedures and expeller procedures, which results in the difference in
the concentration of gross energy and fat in meals.

Slide 29
In conclusion, for energy values between the meal from different
locations, we conclude that canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal are not
different.

Slide 30
For energy values between the meal from different processing procedures,
we conclude that 00-rapeseed expellers is greater than in 00-rapeseed
meal.

Slide 31
With that, we would like to acknowledge ADM, Agrifirm, Bunge, Cargill,
and C.P. Group for funding this research.

Slide 32
Thank you.