Slide 1
Hello, everyone. This is Tanawong Maison, Ph. D. student in Dr. Stein's
lab. My research presentation today is: Digestible phosphorus in canola
meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed expellers without and with
microbial phytase fed to growing pigs.

Slide 2
Here's the outline. Today we have a brief introduction talking about
background of canola and rapeseed, and I will also talk about factors
that could affect the quality and nutritional values of canola and
rapeseed meal. Then I will have materials and methods, results, and
conclusions for this experiment.

Slide 3
Canola and rapeseed are an oilseed in genus Brassica. Actually, rapeseed
has been developed by plant breeders to obtain low erucic acid in oil
and low glucosinolates in meal. Then they changed the name from rapeseed
to canola – especially in North America – and they may call it
double-low or double-zero rapeseed in Europe.

Slide 4
As you can see here in this picture, on top left, these pictures show
how canola and rapeseed growing fields look like. And the top right, you
can see canola and rapeseed are in round shape with a different color of
seed coat. It could be black, brown, red, or yellow. After oil
extraction, then we have canola and rapeseed meal that we can use in
animal diets because they contain high concentration of crude protein
and amino acids, and low level of glucosinolates.

Slide 5
For variety and location of canola and rapeseed: there are two different
varieties of canola and rapeseed that they grow in different regions
around the world. Brassica napus, that they can grow in Australia,
Canada, China, Europe, and U.S.; Brassica campestris or rapa, that they
can grow in Northern Europe, Northwestern China, and India.

Slide 6
For the composition of canola and rapeseed: canola and rapeseed
themselves contain fat ranged from 42-43%, and crude protein ranged from
20-30% depending on varieties of canola and rapeseed and the growing
condition that they grown in different regions around the world, as I
mentioned before. And these differences could affect nutritional values
of seed, and consequently affect the nutritional values in the meals.

Slide 7
For oil extraction procedures: there are two different types of oil
extraction procedure that they use to remove the oil from canola and
rapeseed. They have expeller extraction and solvent extractions.

Slide 8
For expeller extraction, they will use a mechanical press to remove the
oil from canola and rapeseed. The temperature for conventional expeller
extraction could range from 95-130 C depending on speed of the screw
that they use in the process. They also have another type of expeller
extraction that they call cold press. They control the temperature in
this type of process, not greater than 60 C because the virgin oil from
this process is in demand of customers who prefer vegetable oil from the
process without high temperature and chemical reagent.

Slide 9
For solvent extraction, they will use both mechanical press and solvent
to remove the oil from canola and rapeseed. They will cook canola and
rapeseed in cooking step before moving them to mechanical press to
remove 60 to 70% of oil. Then, the rest of the oil will be removed,
again in solvent extraction step, that normally they use hexane. After
that, the meal will be removed to the desolventizer and toaster to
recycle hexane back to use in solvent extraction step again.

Slide 10
For chemical composition of canola and rapeseed: the meal from expeller
procedure contains crude protein ranged from 33-35%, and contains fat
ranged from 9-13%. And, the meal from solvent extractions contains crude
protein ranged from 35-38%, and contains fat ranged from 2-5%.

Slide 11
By different oil extraction procedures: the chemical composition in
canola and rapeseed could be different because the differences in oil
extraction efficiency and heat exposures between expeller procedure and
solvent extraction procedure could affect energy and amino acid
concentration in the meal, and consequently affection nutritional values
of the meal.

Slide 12
So now, we know the two factors that could affect nutritional values of
canola and rapeseed meal are: locations that they grow canola and
rapeseed, and processing procedures that they use to remove oil from
canola and rapeseed.

Slide 13
So, the objectives of this experiment were: determine and compare the
digestibility of phosphorus in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and
00-rapeseed expellers from different locations and from different
processing procedures.

Slide 14
And determine the effect of addition of microbial phytase on the
digestibility of phosphorus in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and
00-rapeseed expellers.

Slide 15
So we had 18 samples. Five samples were canola meal, eight samples were
00-rapeseed meal, and five samples were 00-rapeseed expellers.

Slide 16
For the concentration of phosphorus in canola meal and 00-rapeseed
products, you can see here that the concentration of phosphorus and
phytate in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed expellers were
similar. And the ratio between phytate phosphorus and non-phytate
phosphorus in percent of total phosphorus were between 18-20%.

Slide 17
We wanted to compare canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal from different
locations. So we compared canola meal from North America with
00-rapeseed meal from Europe.

Slide 18
And we wanted to compare 00-rapeseed products from different oil
extraction procedures. So we compared 00-rapeseed meal from solvent
extraction with 00-rapeseed expellers from expeller extractions.

Slide 19
And we wanted to see the effect of microbial phytase in canola meal,
00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed expellers.

Slide 20
We formulated 36 diets. Five diets were formulated from each of five
sources of canola meal. Eight diets were formulated from each of eight
sources of 00-rapeseed meal. And five diets were formulated from each of
five sources of 00-rapeseed expellers. So 18 diets without phytase, and
we formulated another 18 diets with microbial phytase at the level of
1,500 units.

Slide 21
We used 216 barrows at initial body weight of 18 kg. Pigs were allotted
in metabolic cages that allow us to collect fecal samples to analyze and
calculate phosphorus digestibility.

Slide 22
Pigs were fed at 2.5 times the estimated energy requirement for
maintenance. They were allotted in randomized complete block design with
36 diets and six replicate pigs per diet. Each period had ten days: five
days for adaptation to the diet followed by five days for fecal
collection.

Slide 23
Date were analyzed using Proc Mixed procedure of SAS. Diet was included
in the model as fixed effect. Pig was included in the model as random
effect. And we used PDiff option to separate means. Significance between
means was assessed at the α level of 0.05.

Slide 24
Let's move to the results.

Slide 25
And we will talk about the effects of sources of canola meal and
rapeseed product first.

Slide 26
For ATTD of phosphorus in canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal from
different locations: A s you can see here in this bar graph, here we
have orange bar represent canola meal, and blue bar represent
00-rapeseed meal. And you can see here that ATTD of phosphorus in canola
meal and 00-rapeseed meal was not different.

Slide 27
Same thing for STTD of phosphorus. You can see here that STTD of
phosphorus in canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal was not different.

Slide 28
For ATTD of phosphorus in 00-rapeseed products from different oil
extraction procedures: Again, in this bar graph, here we have orange bar
represent 00-rapeseed meal and blue bar represent 00-rapeseed expellers.
And you can see here that ATTD of phosphorus in 00-rapeseed meal and
00-rapeseed expellers was not different.

Slide 29
Same thing for STTD of phosphorus. STTD of phosphorus in 00-rapeseed
meal and 00-rapeseed expellers was not different.

Slide 30
Now, we will talk about the effects of microbial phytase.

Slide 31
For ATTD of phosphorus in canola meal and rapeseed products: Again, in
this bar graph, here we have orange bar represent ATTD of phosphorus in
ingredient without phytase, and blue bar represent ingredient with
phytase. You can see here that the ATTD of phosphorus in ingredient with
phytase was greater than that in ingredient without phytase.

Slide 32

Same thing for STTD of phosphorus. You can see here that STTD of
phosphorus in ingredient with phytase is greater than that in ingredient
without phytase.

Slide 33
With that result, we observed that ATTD and STTD of phosphorus between
canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal are not different. This may be because
both canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal came from same varieties and same
processing procedures, which result in the same concentration of phytate
bound phosphorus, and consequently result in the same ATTD and STTD of
phosphorus.

Slide 34
We also observed that ATTD and STTD of phosphorus between 00-rapeseed
products are not different. This indicates that difference in efficiency
of oil removal from seed has no effect on phosphorus digestibility.

Slide 35
For microbial phytase, we observed that microbial phytase improves ATTD
and STTD of phosphorus in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed
expellers by degradation of phytate in ingredients when used in pig
diets.

Slide 36
In conclusion: for phosphorus digestibility between the meal from
different locations, we conclude that canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal
are not different.

Slide 37
For phosphorus digestibility between the meal from different oil
extraction procedures, we conclude that 00-rapeseed meal and 00-rapeseed
expellers are not different.

Slide 38
For the effect of microbial phytase, we conclude that microbial phytase
improves digestibility of phosphorus in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal,
and 00-rapeseed expellers.

Slide 39
With that, we would like to acknowledge ADM, AgriFirm, Bunge, Cargill,
and C.P. Group for funding this research.

Slide 40
Thank you.