Energy

Impact of soybean meal on nitrogen retention and concentrations of energy in diets fed to growing pigs

Soybean meal (SBM) is often included in cereal-based diets for growing pigs because it provides a well-balanced profile of digestible amino acids (AA), which maximizes growth performance and protein synthesis. However, in recent years, SBM has often been partially replaced by crystalline AA or alternative protein sources such as corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or corn protein. These co-products are by-products of the ethanol and vegetable oil industries and are commonly used in swine diets due to their availability and lower cost. Although they provide some indispensable AA, they have a less balanced AA profile and greater fiber concentrations than SBM, which may result in reduced AA digestibility, nitrogen retention, and energy utilization in pigs. However, pigs have become leaner and have greater requirements for dietary AA to support protein synthesis. In addition, it is often assumed that replacing SBM with corn and crystalline AA increases the energy of the diet, but recent data indicate that SBM may provide as much or more digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) than previously estimated. Therefore, it is possible that replacing SBM with corn co-products and crystalline AA may result in a reduction of nitrogen and energy utilization and increase nitrogen excretion in manure. Therefore, the objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that feeding intact protein from SBM to growing pigs, instead of combinations of SBM with crystalline AA or co-products such as DDGS or corn protein, results in greater nitrogen retention and greater DE in the diet without affecting ME.

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Replacement of soybean meal in diets for growing pigs with corn and synthetic amino acids results in reduced energy and nitrogen digestibility and reduced daily nitrogen retention, but metabolizable energy is not changed

Cristobal, Minoy, Su A Lee, Carl M. Parsons, and Hans H. Stein. 2025. Replacement of soybean meal in diets for growing pigs with corn and synthetic amino acids results in reduced energy and nitrogen digestibility and reduced daily nitrogen retention, but metabolizable energy is not changed. Journal of Animal Science, 2025, 103, skaf197.

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Comparative digestibility of energy and concentrations of energy in corn, soybean meal, and soybean hulls fed to growing pigs and gestating and lactating sows

Kim, Yeonwoo, Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Comparative digestibility of energy and concentrations of energy in corn, soybean meal, and soybean hulls fed to growing pigs and gestating and lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 282–283, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.314 Link to abstract.

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Digestibility of energy and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in diets containing pistachio blanks fed to growing pigs

Kim, Yeonwoo , Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Digestibility of energy and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in diets containing pistachio blanks fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 93–94, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.100 Link to abstract.

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Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows

Kim, Yeonwoo, Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows. Translational Animal Science, 2025, 9, txaf041 doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaf041 Link to full text.

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Digestibility of energy by growing pigs and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in diets containing pistachio blanks

As the production of pistachios grows globally, more co-products are produced every year. Pistachio blanks are pistachio fruits that float in water because the shells are hollow and therefore cannot be used for human food. Pistachio blanks is a high fiber ingredient, which is comparable to wheat middlings. The annual production is 50,000 to 70,000 tons, but is growing. Pistachio blanks have been viewed as a waste product from the pistachio processing sector, but it is possible this feed ingredient can provide nutrients for animals and be used in animal diets. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the apparent total tract digestibility of energy, dry matter, ash, and total dietary fiber in pistachio blank powder is not different from that of wheat middlings if included in diets for growing pigs.

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Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows

Values for digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in feed ingredients are usually determined in growing pigs and subsequently applied to all groups of pigs. Results of recent research, however, indicate that the energy content of soybean meal (SBM) is greater than previously thought when fed to growing pigs. This increase in energy may be due to changes in the pigs themselves or differences in methodology, but there are no recent experiments assessing DE and ME in SBM when fed to sows. Therefore, it remains unclear if sows also have greater DE and ME in SBM compared with current book values. Likewise, there are no recent data for the DE and ME in soybean hulls although soybean hulls are often added to diets for gestating sows. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that gestating and lactating sows have greater DE and ME in SBM and soybean hulls than growing pigs and that DE and ME in SBM fed to both growing pigs and sows are greater than current book values. The second hypothesis was that there is no difference in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and DE between gestating and lactating sows.

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True metabolizable energy, standardized amino acid digestibility, and digestibility of phosphorus in soybean expellers produced from conventional or high-oil varieties of soybeans fed to chickens

Cristobal, M., P. L. Utterback, H. H. Stein, C. M. Parsons. 2025. True metabolizable energy, standardized amino acid digestibility, and digestibility of phosphorus in soybean expellers produced from conventional or high-oil varieties of soybeans fed to chickens. Poultry Science 104 (2025) 104726.  doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104726 Link to full text.

Full-fat soybeans: Valuable source of energy, digestible P for pigs

Ruiz-Arias, N. C., S. A Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2024. Full-fat soybeans: Valuable source of energy, digestible P for pigs. National Hog Farmer. On-line edition. Oct. 31, 2024. Link to full text.

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Determination of energy values in pistachio shell powder and soybean hulls fed to gestating and lactating sows

Kim, Yeonwoo, Su A. Lee, and Hans H. Stein. 2024. Determination of energy values in pistachio shell powder and soybean hulls fed to gestating and lactating sows. Translational Animal Science, 2024, 8, txae135. doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae135 Link to full text.

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Empirical validation of implementing high energy in soybean meal: soybean oil equivalence of soybean meal in diets fed to growing pigs

Ibagon, J. A., S. A. Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2024. Empirical validation of implementing high energy in soybean meal: soybean oil equivalence of soybean meal in diets fed to growing pigs. In: 75th Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Florence, Italy, Sep. 1-5, 2024.

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Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and concentration of metabolizable energy in three sources of corn protein fed to weanling pigs

Ruiz-Arias, Nelson C., Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2024. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and concentration of metabolizable energy in three sources of corn protein fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci Vol. 102, Suppl. S2. P 94 - 95. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae102.106 Link to abstract.

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Concentrations of energy in pistachio shell powder fed to gestating sows and lactating sows

Kim, Yeonwoo, Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2024. Concentrations of energy in pistachio shell powder fed to gestating sows and lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci Vol. 102, Suppl. S2. P 90 - 91. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae102.102 Link to abstract.

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Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolizable energy in three sources of high-protein corn distillers dried grains fed to weanling pigs

Ruiz-Arias, N. C., S. A. Lee, H. H. Stein. 2024. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolizable energy in three sources of high-protein corn distillers dried grains fed to weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 313, 115985. doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.115985 Link to full text.

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Interactive effects of reducing particle size and extrusion on energy digestibility and concentrations of digestible energy and metabolizable energy in corn fed to young pigs

Particle size reduction in cereal grains often results in an improved digestibility of starch due to increased surface area of grains, which subsequently increases the interaction with digestive enzymes. Improvement in the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) upon particle size reduction has also been demonstrated in corn and a number of other ingredients when fed to weanling or growing-finishing pigs.

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The Effect of a Novel Consensus Bacterial 6-Phytase Variant on Ileal Digestibility of Energy in Growing Pigs: Meta-Analysis of 4 Trials

Velayudhan, Deepak E., Ester Vinyeta-Punti, Rachael Hardy, Leon Marchal, Charles Martin Nyachoti, Hans H. Stein, Yueming Dersjant-Li. 2023. The Effect of a Novel Consensus Bacterial 6-Phytase Variant on Ileal Digestibility of Energy in Growing Pigs: Meta-Analysis of 4 Trials. J. Anim. Sci., Volume 101, Issue Supplement_2, November 2023, Pages 117–118, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.131. Link to abstract.

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Concentrations of Digestible and Metabolizable Energy, Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids, and Digestibility of Phosphorus in a New Variety of Soybeans Fed to Growing Pigs

Cristobal, Minoy A., Carl M. M. Parsons, Hans H. Stein. 2023. Concentrations of Digestible and Metabolizable Energy, Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids, and Digestibility of Phosphorus in a New Variety of Soybeans Fed to Growing Pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Volume 101, Issue Supplement 2, Pages 51 - 52, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.056. Link to abstract.

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Concentration of Digestible Energy in Corn-Based Diets Fed to Gestating and Lactating Sows is Increased by Adding Xylanase to the Diets

Acosta Medellin, Jessica P., Charmaine D. Espinosa, Gemma Gonzalez Ortiz, Hans H. Stein. 2023. Concentration of Digestible Energy in Corn-Based Diets Fed to Gestating and Lactating Sows is Increased by Adding Xylanase to the Diets. J. Anim. Sci., Volume 101, Issue Supplement 2, Pages 35–36, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.040. Link to abstract.

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