Soybean meal

Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of synthetic amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs

Synthetic amino acids (AA) are often included in diets fed to pigs at the expense of SBM or other protein sources to provide a portion of the indispensable AA needed by pigs. Substituting SBM for synthetic AA may support pig growth performance, but daily N retention by pigs may be reduced if diets containing synthetic AA instead of some of the SBM are used. This indicates that there may either be an AA deficiency in diets with synthetic AA, or there are factors other than AA in SBM that are needed to maximize protein synthesis in pigs.

It has been speculated that synthetic AA are absorbed more rapidly than AA from intact protein, which may impair protein synthesis. It is, therefore, possible that if protein from SBM is replaced by synthetic AA, some of the synthetic AA will not be used for protein synthesis, which will result in reduced nitrogen retention by the pigs. Results of recent research also indicate that the DE in SBM is greater than in corn, and therefore, dietary DE may be reduced if SBM is reduced in the diet. However, at this time, no research has been conducted to confirm this assumption. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that use of synthetic AA instead of some of the intact protein from SBM reduces N retention and also reduces DE of the diet if fed to growing pigs.

Keywords: 
Low-protein, Soybean meal, Nitrogen, Retention, metabolizable.
Authors: 
Cristobal, Lee, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

Effect of soy isoflavones and nitrogen-source on nitrogen balance in low-protein diets fed to growing pigs

Soybean meal (SBM) is the primary source of amino acids (AA) and energy in diets for swine throughout the world. However, less SBM is often used in diets to decrease nitrogen (N) excretion and environmental pollution. Nonetheless, it is demonstrated that lowering dietary protein does not consistently deliver the same performance of pigs as of pigs fed high protein diets, even though all indispensable AA meet the requirements of pigs. It is possible that soybean-derived bioactive compounds (i.e., soy isoflavones and saponins) in SBM act as immunomodulators, which improve the performance of pigs. It is also possible that low-protein diets contain N below the requirements for pigs to maximize growth. However, no data are available to prove this hypothesis. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that N balance of pigs is not affected by reducing dietary protein if soy isoflavones or N source are supplemented in diets.

Keywords: 
nitrogen balance, Retention, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Ibagon, Stein, Lee
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

Growth performance, blood inositol levels, and immune characteristics of pigs fed diets containing soybean meal and high levels of phytase

Most of the P in corn and soybean meal (SBM) is stored as phytate. Phytase consists of one hydroxylated inositol ring with six phosphate groups. Therefore, phytase is often included at a standard level of 500 units (FTU) per kg in swine diets to increase the release of P from phytate. However, greater concentrations of phytase in diets for pigs may benefit growth and feed efficiency, which is likely a result of the inositol that is also released and can be absorbed by pigs. Inositol is believed to increase growth of animals by stimulating protein accretion. Inositol also improves gut health of pigs by enhancing intestinal epithelial cell functions. However, data from recent research demonstrated that weaning pigs at around 21 days of age results in a dramatic drop in plasma inositol and it is not until 6 weeks post-weaning that pigs will regain preweaning levels of inositol. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that microbial phytase will release sufficient inositol from corn and SBM and other ingredients in diets for newly weaned pigs to maintain pre-weaning levels of plasma inositol throughout the post-weaning phase and that this will result in improved growth performance of pigs.

Keywords: 
Growth performance, blood inositol levels, immune characteristics, Pigs, Soybean meal, Phytase
Authors: 
Mallea, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

Diet protein concentration does not influence dietary net energy by group housed growing pigs offered ad libitum access to feed

Cristobal, Minoy, Su A Lee, Andrea P. Mallea, Leidy J. Torres-Mendoza, Carl M. Parsons, and Hans H. Stein. 2024. Diet protein concentration does not influence dietary net energy by group housed growing pigs offered ad libitum access to feed. J. Anim. Sci. 102 (Suppl. 3): 250–251 (abstr.). doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.288 Link to abstract.

Keywords: 
crystalline amino acids, Net energy, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Minoy Cristobal, Su A Lee, Andrea P Mallea, Leidy J Torres-Mendoza, Carl M Parsons, Hans H Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Empirical validation of implementing high energy in soybean meal: soybean oil equivalence of soybean meal in diets fed to growing pigs

Ibagon, J. A., S. A. Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2024. Empirical validation of implementing high energy in soybean meal: soybean oil equivalence of soybean meal in diets fed to growing pigs. In: 75th Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Florence, Italy, Sep. 1-5, 2024.

Keywords: 
Energy, Soybean meal, Diets, Growing pigs
Authors: 
Ibagon, Lee, Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Soybean meal or crystalline amino acids in diets for growing pigs: Impact on diet net energy, pig growth performance, and nitrogen retention

Stein, Hans H. Jimena A. Ibagon, Minoy Cristobal. 2024. Soybean meal or crystalline amino acids in diets for growing pigs: Impact on diet net energy, pig growth performance, and nitrogen retention. Proc. 23nd Annual Midwest Swine Nutrition Conf. Danville, IN, Sep. 5, 2024. Pages 45-51.

Keywords: 
Soybean meal, crystalline amino acids, Growing pigs, Net energy, nitrogen retention
Authors: 
Stein, Ibagon, Cristobal
Publication Type: 
Conference proceedings

Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs

Cristobal, Minoy, Su A Lee, Leidy J. Torres-Mendoza, Andrea P. Mallea, Carl M. M. Parsons, Hans H. Stein. 2024. Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci Vol. 102, Suppl. S2. P 283 - 284. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae102.322. Link to abstract.

Keywords: 
Nitrogen, Retention, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Cristobal, Lee, Torres-Mendoza, Mallea, Parsons, Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Net energy of soybean meal

Stein. Hans H. 2024. Net energy of soybean meal. J. Anim. Sci Vol. 102, Suppl. S2. P 184. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae102.205 Link to abstract.

Keywords: 
Net energy, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on growth performance, protein synthesis, and immune response of growing pigs

Cristobal, Minoy, Su A Lee, Andrea P. Mallea, Leidy J. Torres-Mendoza, Jessica P. Acosta, Carl M. M. Parsons, Hans H. Stein. 2024. Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on growth performance, protein synthesis, and immune response of growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci Vol. 102, Suppl. S2. P 45 - 46. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae102.054 Link to abstract.

Keywords: 
Amino acids, Growth performance, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Cristobal, Lee, Mallea, Torres-Mendoza, Acosta, Parsons, Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Effects of increasing dietary protein on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in diets fed to growing pigs

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) is affected by dietary AA levels because of different contributions of endogenous AA to the ileal digesta from pigs fed diets with different levels of AA. Because of the influence of dietary protein and AA on calculated values for AID, values for AID obtained in individual feed ingredients are not always additive in mixed diets. Therefore, values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, which are corrected for the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA, are used in diet formulations to avoid the influence of endogenous AA on digestibility values, and SID values are, therefore, additive in mixed diets.

When the direct procedure is used to determine AA digestibility, diets containing cereal grains are sometimes formulated to contain AA below the requirement. In contrast, if the SID of oilseed meals or other protein-rich ingredients are determined, concentrations of AA may be at or above the requirement. Because the influence of the basal endogenous losses of AA is eliminated in the calculations of SID values, it is assumed that values for SID are not influenced by dietary concentrations of AA. However, to our knowledge this hypothesis has not been experimentally verified, but it is an important question because it may influence how diets used in digestibility experiments are formulated. Therefore, four experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the SID of AA by growing pigs is not influenced by dietary AA levels.

Keywords: 
Amino acids, Casein, Digestibility, Protein, Soybean meal, Soy protein concentrate, Soy protein isolate, Standardized ileal digestibility
Authors: 
Lee, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

Concentrations of Digestible and Metabolizable Energy, Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids, and Digestibility of Phosphorus in a New Variety of Soybeans Fed to Growing Pigs

Cristobal, Minoy A., Carl M. M. Parsons, Hans H. Stein. 2023. Concentrations of Digestible and Metabolizable Energy, Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids, and Digestibility of Phosphorus in a New Variety of Soybeans Fed to Growing Pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Volume 101, Issue Supplement 2, Pages 51 - 52, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.056. Link to abstract.

Keywords: 
Amino acids, Digestibility, Energy, Phosphorus, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Cristobal, Parsons, Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Amino acid digestibility in soybean meal and crystalline amino acid based diets fed to growing pigs

Soybean meal (SBM) is the major source of amino acids (AA) and energy in diets for swine throughout the world. However, due to the emergence of feed-grade crystalline AA, it is estimated that SBM usage by pigs has been reduced by at least 35% over the last 25 years. Reduction on concentration of SBM and increasing the use of crystalline AA in diets may impact the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and AA. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that diets containing corn, SBM, and crystalline AA have greater AA digestibility compared with corn and SBM diets.

Keywords: 
Amino Acid, Soybean meal, Growing pigs, Feed
Authors: 
Cristobal, Lee, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

Determination of the net energy in soybean meal fed to group-housed pigs

Lee, Su A, D. A. Rodriguez, and H. H. Stein. 2022. Determination of the net energy in soybean meal fed to group-housed pigs. 15th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs. Animal - Science Proceedings 13(Issue 2): 178. Link to abstract.

Keywords: 
Net energy, Soybean meal, Pigs
Authors: 
Lee, Rodriguez, Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Effects of increasing dietary protein on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in soybean meal and soy protein concentrate fed to growing pigs

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) is affected by CP and AA concentrations in diets because of the different contributions of endogenous N and AA to the ileal digesta from pigs fed diets with different concentrations of CP. Because of the influence of dietary CP and AA on calculated values for AID, values for AID obtained in individual feed ingredients are not always additive in mixed diets if the concentration of CP and AA in the mixed diet is different from that of the ingredients. Therefore, values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA, which are corrected for the basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA, are used in diet formulations to avoid the influence of endogenous AA on digestibility values, and SID values are, therefore, additive in mixed diets.

Keywords: 
amino acids digestibility, Protein, Soybean meal, Soy protein concentrate
Authors: 
Lee, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

Soybean meal sourced from Argentina, Brazil, China, India and USA as an ingredient in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Galkanda-Arachchige, Harsha S. C., Hans H. Stein, and D. Allen Davis. 2021. Soybean meal sourced from Argentina, Brazil, China, India and USA as an ingredient in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition. 2021;27:1103–1113. doi: 10.1111/anu.13251. Link to full text.

Keywords: 
country of origin, Digestibility, Litopenaeus vannamei, nutritional quality, shrimp growth, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Galkanda-Arachchige, Stein, Davis
Publication Type: 
Peer-reviewed journal articles

Concentrations of digestible amino acids in co-products from threonine and tryptophan fermentation are greater than in soybean meal

Espinosa, Charmaine D., M. S. F. Oliveira, J. K. Htoo, H. H. Stein. 2021. Concentrations of digestible amino acids in co-products from threonine and tryptophan fermentation are greater than in soybean meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology 277 (2021) 114948. doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114948. Link to full text.

Keywords: 
Amino acids, Digestibility, Soybean meal, Threonine biomass, Tryptophan biomass, pig
Authors: 
C.D. Espinosa a, M.S.F. Oliveira a, J.K. Htoo b, H.H. Stein
Publication Type: 
Peer-reviewed journal articles

Soybean meal sourced from Argentina, Brazil, China, India and USA as an ingredient in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Galkanda-Arachchige, Harsha S. C., Hans H. Stein, D. Allen Davis. 2021. Soybean meal sourced from Argentina, Brazil, China, India and USA as an ingredient in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition. 2021;00:1–11. DOI: 10.1111/anu.13251. Link to full text.

Keywords: 
country of origin, Digestibility, Litopenaeus vannamei, nutritional quality, shrimp growth, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Galkanda-Arachchige, Stein, Davis
Publication Type: 
Peer-reviewed journal articles

Buttiauxella Phytase Improves Growth Performance of Weanling Pigs Fed Corn, Soybean Meal, and Canola Meal Based Diets

Rundle, C. M., Y. Dersjant-Li, B. Hillen, M. S. F. Oliveira, and H. H. Stein. 2021. Buttiauxella Phytase Improves Growth Performance of Weanling Pigs Fed Corn, Soybean Meal, and Canola Meal Based Diets. J. Anim. Sci. 99(Suppl. 1): 49–50. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.084. (Abstr.) Link to Absctract.

Keywords: 
Buttiauxella Phytase, Growth performance, Weanling pigs, Corn, Soybean meal, Canola meal
Authors: 
Rundle, Dersjant-Li, Hillen, Oliveira, Stein.
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Net energy of U.S. soybean meal greater than previously estimated

Lee, Su A, D. A. Rodriguez, and H. H. Stein. 2021. Net energy of U.S. soybean meal greater than previously estimated. National Hog Farmer, On-line edition, March, 2021. Link to full text.

Keywords: 
Digestibility, Group-housed Indirect Calorimeter, Net energy, Pigs, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Lee, Rodriguez, Stein
Publication Type: 
Extension Reports and other non-refereed publications

Determination of net energy in U.S. soybean meal fed to group-housed growing pigs

Soybean meal (SBM) is the major source of amino acids in diets for swine throughout the world. However, in addition to providing indispensable amino acids to diets, SBM also provides energy to the diets. Diets are often formulated based on the net energy (NE) in each individual ingredient using a linear programming computer software. Therefore, the NE for each ingredient is important for the value the ingredient is assigned in the formulation. However, the NE for SBM that is used by most feed formulators was generated many years ago, but results of recent research indicate that current U.S. SBM may provide more NE than previously estimated, which potentially results in an increased estimation of the value of SBM in diets for pigs. There is, therefore, a need for confirming or updating the NE value for SBM. As a consequence, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that the NE in U.S. SBM fed to modern genotypes of pigs is greater than the value that is currently used in feed formulation.

Keywords: 
Digestibility, Group-housed Indirect Calorimeter, Net energy, Pigs, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Lee, Rodriguez, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

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